The contemporary European migration crisis is characterized by several features, starting from a large number of migrants from the Middle East and Africa, and lately also from the territory of the Russian Federation and Chechnya. The recent past teaches us that we must observe such phenomena also from a security perspective, dissecting them to the smallest detail to be able to provide scientific security answers.

Israel has to meet security challenges as attacks from enemy states and terror groups. Some of these groups perpetrate from the territories of states that have a peace treaty with Israel. These attacks are characterized as conventional terror (culminating with suicide attacks)

Cyber weapons have a direct effect on information and information systems and an indirect effect on dependent systems, processes, services and people. Cyberspace extends worldwide and includes physical infrastructure in the state and private ownership.

Events involving cybersecurity may have a substantial influence on the health sector, which includes hospitals, clinics and other healthcare organizations. Maintaining patient data privacy remains critical to ensure the preservation of data integrity. It is necessary for healthcare firms to implement preventative measures to avoid, recognize, and respond to challenges related to cybersecurity. This may entail developing efficient defenses against cybercrime, doing periodic risk assessments and providing employees with ongoing training in cybersecurity.

Current security threats and challenges in the global security environment are of a military and non-military nature; however, most of them are non-military in nature. These security threats and challenges are closely related; as a result, the situation in one area can very seriously affect the situation in other areas.

The world order after the "Cold War" era was designed by America and the West and in the current "Great Game" Russia and China are challenging the Pax-Americana world order. The United States now faces simultaneous diplomatic and national security crises with both Russia and China.

The extremely fast pace of development observed in present-day social reality raises various problems and forces managers to explore in greater depth the achievements of philosophy, particularly axiology, psychology, and security sciences, understood broadly in praxeological terms, concerning human individuals, social groups, and entire societies.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 fundamentally altered the security architecture in Europe, which has been stably maintained for three decades since the end of the Cold War.

Europe has also been defined in non-geographic terms, as manifested in this quote from Paul Hazard in a book which was published in 1935 under the title The Crisis of the European Conscience (1680-1715): Que’ est-ce l’Europe?

The fight against the bearers of terrorist and narco-terrorist organizations should be a permanent and priority task of every state, and thus also of the Republic of Serbia. The countries of the modern world have recognized this harmful influence, about the existence of these mutual ties that directly affect the national security of the country and the normal functioning of society, and also the security at the global level.

The aim is to determine the term and clarify and demystify the concept of cybersecurity as much as possible. Another aim is to look into how the EU, as a specific supranational organization, approaches this concept through its general and special strategic documents, i.e., its entire security agenda.

This article provides analysis of the case study of the Biennale of Venice as a theater of cognitive warfare between Russia and Ukraine. It’s still uncertain how the war will end in Ukraine, but at the 2022 Venice art biennale it is clear which side has prevailed on the art and cultural front.

The purpose of this brief paper is to examine the scenarios that are available to Russia to carry out its threat. The theoretical framework employed here is that of Normal Accident Theory (NAT), one of the most prominent theories of catastrophe. Normal Accident Theory explains how Moscow's use of nuclear weapons can trigger a global catastrophe that could bring the international system down.

Much of the academic work on countering violent extremism is based on theories and anecdotes rather than hard data demonstrated through rigorous scientific methods. The purpose of this paper presented here is to take stock of research, which is characterized by fragmentation, to identify and fill knowledge gaps, especially in the area of European security policies and inter-state communications from before the new global health and war shocks, which are still ongoing.

The article argues Somali Security should get fully trust the society of Somalia, if the people of Somalia feel that the security belongs to them and the people believing that they are working in the interest of the nation but not the interest-specific person, once people realize that the Security are working to defeand and to protect their country as well their interest, it will be easier to make reform and implement the whole country

Russia declares a permanent state of war in the information sphere. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the Russian scientific and operational approach to the interpretation of strategic communication, the article provides insight into Russia’s basic idea and genesis of information warfare. By reviewing strategic documents and applied organisational forms, the paper contributes to understanding the vital level of strategic communication on the applied aspects of national security of the Russian Federation.

This paper is aimed at is identifying security gaps and shortcomings in the provision of security services so that recommendations can be formulated to address the assessed risks and other threats. Furthermore, the paper described the effectiveness of safety and security measures that are currently employed in public hospitals.

There are three major factors that attract Russia to the Mediterranean: a profusion of potential for military conflicts in the region, similarly abundant fossil fuel reserves, and the on-again-off-again stand-off with NATO in Eastern Europe.

Observing the Mediterranean basin as a one-way communication route leading from Africa to European ports has often limited the debate on security in the Mediterranean to strengthening the defence of southern European borders. This offers only a partial assessment of a much more relevant geographical area, especially taking into consideration its southern side.

Facilitated by developments such as globalization and the spread of networked and hyper-connected technologies, new safety and security challenges arise and impact local, national, regional, and international levels, which dramatically increases their complexity and scale. When a security challenge has a global impact, it means that it may affect countries around the globe, but the source of the risk may be local. The global nature of contemporary security issues implies that they do not limit themselves to national borders.

Over the past few decades, Ethiopia has enjoyed internal stability in one of the least stable regions on the African continent. During this period Ethiopia enjoyed economic prosperity and leading political status in the African continent and beyond. The article will present the 3 arenas of conflict that Ethiopia has to deal with today and will suggest ways to prevent further escalation of the internal conflict in Ethiopia and the deterioration of the crises into a regional violent conflict.

Peacekeeping operations are a special mechanism that resolves armed conflicts, contributing to the maintenance of peace and international security. For this reason, they are an important and permanent element of international politics. The COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated the importance of resilience to strategic shocks (such as pandemics) as part of national and regional security. This was evident in national health systems, supply chains for critical supplies (e.g., PPE and respirators), strategic communication and disinformation, and cybersecurity.

Eurasianism is a political movement in Russia that assumes that Russian civilization does not belong to the European or Asian category, but to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia. The movement originally supported the Bolshevik Revolution but not its stated goals of enacting communism, seeing the Soviet Union as a stepping stone on the way to creating a new national identity that would reflect the unique nature of Russia's geopolitical position.

The Nile is considered as the “Life Line” of Egypt, since ancient times. As such, Egypt relates to any real or potential threat, as a potential conflict. Other water sources are scarce, and bound to be affected by climate changes, as noted by El-Nahry & Doluschitz (2010: 1498). Their study focused in the Egyptian coastal wetland ecosystems, such as salt marshes, which are particularly vulnerable to rising sea level.

State fragility has created areas of limited statehood, in which alternative forms of governance—from militias to municipalities, international donors to civil society—have stepped in and in which foreign powers have meddled. Through such interference, global and regional rivalries have exacerbated and have found fertile ground.

In today’s international relations, Energy security and security issues appear to be extremely intertwined. Hence, this paper aims to identify the significance of securitization of the energy relationship between Russia and EU countries by both sides and its influence on the Energy Security on the regional security complex between EU countries and Russia.

China has actively provided public health aid to Central and Eastern European countries and shared the Anti-COVID-19 experience. In this article, the author reviewed the progress and mechanism of China-EU public health cooperation, discussed how China and the EU have jointly dealt with the pandemic by sharing experience, providing aids, strengthening multilateralism and international cooperation, and building a community with a healthy future for humankind since the outbreak of COVID-19. Facing the COVID-19, China-EU health cooperation should be further strengthened to show the importance of a community with a shared future for humanity.

https://doi.org/10.37458/ssj.2.2.8The public transport sector PT during COVID-19 pandemic was affected directly, which is an inevitable result that disrupted the system. This paper will investigate through an online questionnaire survey the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the digital transformation on transportation modes and activities by evaluating the current situation and assessing future transportation sustainability and whether it will continue to recover appropriately. 

This work is to optimize perimeter surveillance and explore the distribution of ground bases for unmanned aerial vehicles along the Jordanian border and optimize the set of technologies for each aerial vehicle. This model is part of ongoing research on perimeter security systems based on unmanned aerial vehicles.

The threat of environmental issues to national security has been the dominant approach among the many distinct interpretations. In 2008, environmental concerns, particularly climate change, were addressed for the first time in the context of EU security. The European security community frequently considers environmental aspects; however, this is usually limited to a strategic level before moving to implementation. In this article, we illustrate how environmental security has evolved, how it has permeated the European security community, and how it might advance further to secure the security of European citizens better.

The geopolitical focus on the Asia-Indo-Pacific Ocean complex has evolved into a geostrategic rivalry where China is seen as the main threat. This approach is reflected in the international security strategy. In addition, it also manifests itself in the practices of international organizations led by the West forces. We see the most important example of this in the European Union's view of China.

From this study, a cryptography mechanism arises as the best technique to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication (CIA) of data on the e-platforms. However, it is not strong enough to mitigate cybersecurity attacks in e-learning systems. For that reason, it is suggested that the cryptography mechanism needs to be combined with other techniques such as biometric authentication, firewalls, IDS, digital watermarking, and security process models.

Cyber threats are constantly evolving. Many security incidents and data breaches are associated with the human factor. Respectively, this work highlights the importance of human factors in cybersecurity. Firstly, this article gives a brief overview of the topic and its significance. Then we present the most common risks in the cybersecurity field and their impacts.

For modern society, material, financial, labor, natural resources became commonplace. Estonia was the first state in Europe to carry out a massive cyber-attack in April and May 2007. That was why the states decided to get the first convention to defend their cyberspace as they defended their land, air, and sea spaces. 

The current paper explores a few essential similarities and differences between the Soviet and American approaches to counterinsurgency. A thesis explored here suggests that although both campaigns failed, they both demonstrated minor successes in their objectives, while the fiascos were equally significant in both cases.

ISIS – K doesn't possess the capabilities to overthrow the Taliban government. Still, they can damage the credibility of the Taliban, which has claimed that it is the only group that can bring peace and stability to the country. The ethnic groups (the Shia Hazara and Uzbek and Tajik ethnic groups) are already under pressure in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. 

Security is one of the most strongly felt human needs, and therefore the issue of security has accompanied mankind throughout its civilized history. It could also be said that the history of mankind is the history of man's struggle to ensure his security.

Human security is a concept, in which the deepening of contents of the term „security“ goes from a macro-level to a micro-level. The traditional concept of security takes into account only the state level and understands threats only to the state in itself, whereas human security redirects the attention towards the individual people. Societal sector, on the other hand, speaks of non-military threats to society and deepens the security concept even further. 

In the communist camp during the Cold War, exercising power was a male domain. The Ministry of State Security (MfS) of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) was no exception. Within the organization, women were employed but they rarely made a career. In the bottom of the State Security hierarchy were the agents. This article examines who were the women agents in the rank of the MfS.

There existed beliefs that females relate to nature and males to the culture, some researchers saw gender as a behavioral function of the sex. In the culture of hunters and gatherers gender was related to reproduction and food distribution, which stimulated the formation of the first artistic performances and the creation of beauty cosmetics and decoration.

The world is changing, women “are gain the upper hand” taking over also numerically and it is not realized that a change must happen in the field of Intelligence with a space left to women, not because they are women but because of their abilities. In all domains, from strategic to an operational one. Blindness to change that many Agencies are having.

Overcoming gender bias has been increasingly important to counter ongoing threats to national and international security. The article focus on the institutional framework that exists for the participation of women in peace and security at the United Nations and NATO levels. It expands to the success story of women’s inclusiveness in the Jordanian armed forces, as well as to the challenges of health security, and concludes with a set of concrete policy recommendations.

The article discusses the contrasts between the traditional conception of security and feminist viewpoints on the issue. It presents the traditional realist viewpoint on security and discusses the representation of women in state security structures as well as their representation in international organizations. It briefly presents feminist criticisms of liberal origin concerning the lack of equal participation and representation in these power structures that affect everyone regardless of gender.

The article reviews the concept of security (“ἀσφάλεια,” asfalia) and its meaning as stability against and prevention of possible falls, and to be protected from danger.

In this paper, after considering a strategy distillation, we will analyze the context of hybrid warfare in strategic planning, which is of particular concern to us in Greek-Turkish relations.

Both the Georgian-Abkhazian War of 1992-93 and the five-day War of 2008 led to the subsequent presence of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Both de jure internationally unrecognized states without any Georgian governmental administration executive power over them present a major conflict seemingly frozen in time. „Status quo“ is represented on the Abkhazian and the South Ossetia side supported by their Russian patrons and by Georgia on the other side.

Relations between the countries of the Western Balkans are determined by unresolved issues from the past, very intense regional security dynamics, as well as projections of the interests of global powers. However, even in such circumstances, regional cooperation is imperative in the fight against terrorism, illegal migration, transnational organized crime, and other serious threats and challenges to regional security and stability. The paper will present the basic geopolitical and security characteristics of the regional security subcomplex Western Balkans.

Research on conflict theory has developed rapidly, particularly in the last 15 years. This note provides an overview of conflict theory utilizing a cross-classification, wherein such research is classified both by analytic approaches and by areas of application. The note also presents an extensive bibliography of publications in conflict theory. This contribution tries to present introductions to conflict theory as a pillar of security science and it`s importance to the national and international level today.

Socio-cultural anthropology applied in security studies is a valuable and effective source of knowledge protecting all actors. Only with a proper understanding of the operational environment with its variables and elements, it is possible to assure effective and human use of power and military decision-making tools and methods.

The development of society has led to a change of paradigms on which reflections and analyses about security, conflict and war rested. This, in turn, brings us to the situation of the need to change those paradigms of organization, principles, concepts, and theories of security as a new scientific discipline that should enable the continuation of safe and unhindered development of human society.

Although Georgia is not among the countries with high risk of terrorist attack, there are some challenges in this respect. However, before estimating the threats coming from terrorism, first, we need to clarify conceptual meaning of security for Georgia and what are the main threats for it. Security environment in Georgia is linked with Russian occupation and terrorism, especially with Chechen fighters in Syria and Iraq who sometimes are associated with Pankisi gorge (east Georgia). 

The traditional theory of international relations, whether it is realism, liberalism, constructivism, or scientific behaviorism, define sovereign states as a unified body in international arena. It has consistent interests, and naturally also has consistent foreign policy goals and means. In the 20th century, and especially during the two World Wars and the Cold War, this conceptual abstraction was very accurate. But after the end of the Cold War, especially in the 21st century, this concept gradually went against the reality of international relations. 

The field of ​​security is still dominantly studied within the context of some other academic discipline, principally social sciences, such as sociology and criminology.  However, there is a growing need to study security in the context of technological sciences, bearing in mind the increasing significance of security of information systems, databases and so on. Research has shown that the security field already has sufficient categories (fields) that would constitute its unique “corpus of knowledge”, as an important prerequisite for qualifying security as an independent science.

Security is one of the most common terms in the modern world. This statement is supported by the fact that the term security is used in a wide range of areas. The subject of this paper is national security and the challenges, risks and threats to that security in contemporary international relations.

Bridging the gap between the traditional definitions of science and the undefined definition of what is Security can be achieved through Scientific Security Research methodologies that will be engaged and implemented in the exploration, analysis and conclusions of the systematic and organized body of knowledge.

Religious terror movements have long since been associated with violent Jihad and suicide bombings. As such, associated Jihadist perpetrators operate according to specific Muslim Fatwas (Clerical permissions), in order to carry out suicide attacks against their chosen targets. These perpetrators proclaim their willing to die for a definitive cause, regardless of any danger, as they expect an affluent after life in heaven. As COVID 19 erupted, the world came to a standstill and closure. The new situation affected terror movements globally.

Albania, a close US ally has found itself on the frontline of the clash between the West and Iran and Albania has been at the center of terrorist activities organized by Iran, due to hosting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MEK).

This paper presents an initial assessment of the results of a four-month research project studying Ultras in BiH. This research contributed to the Bosnia & Herzegovina Resilience Initiative (BHRI) Programme (implemented by the International Organization for Migration - United Nations, funded and closely coordinated with the U.S. Agency for International Development -USAID) aiming to reduce the threat of violent extremism in BiH and to counter extremist efforts to deepen or exploit communal tensions.

The paper argues the facts that the growth and expansion of its domain, in combination with its own procedures and methodologies, justifies the existence of Security Science. The paper starts with the global opinion overview of security as a scientific discipline. With the focus on technological segments, a possible scientific approach to security analysis (SA) is presented in detail. Finally, examples are provided regarding the use of mathematics modelling and tools for data analysis and interpretation in security domain.

The first issue of the scientific journal Security Science for the year 2020 is in the front of you. Given that the selected scientific articles cover an array of topics security science, this issue is co-edited by Darko Trifunović, PhD, Institute for National and International Security, and Miomira Kostić, LLD, Institute for National and International Security, acting in the capacity of permanent editors.