This paper examines the implications of the Italy-Albania migration protocol for Albania's national and local security. It explores the externalization of EU migration policy, the motivations of the parties behind promoting the protocol, and the consequences of establishing migrant reception/repatriation centers under Italian jurisdiction.

As a preface to Turkish-Libyan relations we can state: Turkey has deep historical roots in Libya, since the country was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1552 until 1911, where Libya served in an important role for the sultan to impose sovereignty on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Africa.

In East Africa, the transition from colonial rule to sovereign governance involved not only the creation of national armies but also struggles over citizenship, belonging, and authority. Across Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda, women participated in liberation movements and post-conflict reconstruction yet, in the aftermath of independence, their contributions were largely domesticated within patriarchal state systems, which recognised their symbolic value but rarely institutionalised gender equality in security governance.

Critical infrastructure is facing further challenges, including an increasing trend of more sophisticated and large-scale malicious acts. That emphasizes the necessity of adequate facility protection, proactive security mechanisms, and enhanced Resilience. Based on that, the current article focuses on identifying and providing solutions for security enhancement through documentary analysis and theoretical review as a methodological approach.

Security analytics has emerged as a multidisciplinary field that combines insights from strategic studies, cognitive psychology, data science, and systems engineering. Beyond the technical processing of intelligence, security analytics provides tools for interpreting uncertainty, evaluating strategic risks, and supporting strategically robust decisions under conditions of contested narratives and information ambiguity.

The lack of a functioning state in Somalia has created a situation where organized crime, terrorism, and various forms of violence can flourish. This insecurity is exacerbated by the lack of reliable population data, making it difficult for authorities to implement adequate security measures and allocate resources efficiently.

Türkiye has established itself as a strategically adaptable actor within this diverse landscape. While firmly anchored in NATO, Türkiye sets itself apart through a culturally distinctive, partnership-oriented approach that integrates infrastructure development, religious diplomacy, and humanitarian assistance.

Artificial intelligence encompasses a set of technologies that imitate human cognitive processes, particularly reasoning, thereby contributing to the development of an efficient strategic framework to support state actors across different sectors.

Historically perceived as destabilizing, espionage today occupies an institutionalized and normalized role in statecraft. By integrating intelligence practices into formalized structures, states can leverage espionage for perception management, risk mitigation, and peacebuilding, transforming covert operations into instruments that support transparency, responsible state behavior, and cooperative security norms.

This article presents the stages of the creation and development of border fences from a historical perspective, from the creation of the “limes” to the appearance of border fortresses.

Warfare, once confined to physical battlefields and with traditional military means, now extends into cyberspace, where operations can be as strategically significant as kinetic confrontations. In this field, both state and non-state actors conduct cyber activities that influence military, economic, and social systems, often with far-reaching and lasting consequences.

This paper aims to critically analyze the implications of the Taliban's return to power in the context of post-war reconstruction, drawing on recent events and historical precedents to illuminate the multifaceted dynamics at play.

New security context is characterised by considerable variability, instability, complexity, ambiguity, and reduced predictability, which significantly complicates its apprehension within classical scientific approaches based on rigid concepts, normative approaches, or empirical reduction. It's becoming evident that security can no longer be understood exclusively as a politico-military or politico-strategic problem, or merely the result of foreign policy analysis.

This article defines Security Science as an autonomous scientific discipline whose purpose is to understand, explain, predict, and enhance the security condition of the State as an organized society.

Events of recent years, reminiscent of the Cold War era between Russia and the West, including the demise of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in February 2024, rumored to have been poisoned in prison beyond the Arctic Circle in Russia serve as a basis for confident apprehensions among cardiologists due to the lofty risk of contact in Global North countries with patients who have fallen victim to warfare poisoning.

The contestation is that AI-based drone applications and weaponry systems pose significant risks, mainly because of the brilliant behavior displayed by these systems, leading to a substantial increase in the delegation of cognitive functions to machines that can be lethal to the human race. This double-edged character of AI technologies points to the need for such study investigating the nexus between AI and military precision in drone attacks on the Israeli-Hamas conflict to proffer a research-based strategy for regulating the AI-enabled weapon systems development as well as to address a way forward to peace and conflict resolution.

The spread and effect of insurgency are not in doubt; what is, perhaps, in contention is the varying degree of its severity, as virtually all countries of the world have experienced some semblance of terrorist spasm or insurgent attack, which has either led to the loss of lives and properties and other national assets, causing the victim-countries dearly or derailing their developmental plans and impairing national stability.

Understanding the dynamics of the Indo-Pacific will help us analyze recent strategic trends in and around the region. The ongoing Ukraine crisis has caused significant vulnerabilities in the Euro-Atlantic area, landing at Europe's doorstep. As it severely disrupted several global supply chains on the land, it has also taught specific operational lessons in the maritime domain, predominantly a strong network of maritime arteries or sea lanes of communication in the global trading system.

In essence, Wahhabism is thus: orthodox, reductionist and fundamentalist teachings. Orthodoxy refers to the originality of faith. In the present case, this means a rigid adherence to orthodoxy letters of the Quran – Focus on man, God in the Quran. Reduction or reducing such an interpretation according to which rejected all forms of upgrading, to gain access to or being initial source faith – what is the origin of Islam. Thus, reductionism refers to the rejection of all forms of codified interpretation of Islam, Hadith and other legal texts.

The acrimony in the Sahel occasioned by the activities of terrorist and armed groups, the brutality of government forces, the collapse of international counter-terrorism alliances, the activities of the Wagner Forces (as alleged in certain quarters) and climate insecurity have propelled the argument that military actions (kinetic measures) alone are insufficient to tackle in insecurity situations in the Sahel.

Piracy has been a consistent threat throughout history. Although it was thought to be declining in the late 20^th century, regions like the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Guinea have seen a resurgence in recent decades. Piracy disrupts trade routes, causes financial losses, and threatens the safety of crews and ships. Despite international naval operations, pirates adapt their tactics, posing a continuous challenge to maritime security.

A significant turning point in combating piracy was the first codification effort immediately following the Crimean War: The Declaration of Paris on Maritime Law (April 16, 1856). According to this declaration, privateering permits for private individuals operating armed merchant ships were prohibited. Neutral flags would now protect enemy goods, except for contraband cases. The seizure of neutral cargo on enemy ships was also banned, and the concept of naval blockades was clearly defined.

According to the International Chamber of Shipping, "Shipping is the safest and most environmentally benign form of commercial transport. Perhaps uniquely amongst industries involving physical risk, commitment to safety has long pervaded virtually all shipping operations. Shipping was among the first industries to adopt widely implemented international safety standards ."

Amidst a backdrop of rapid technological advancement, the Shipping industry finds itself grappling with a transformative shift in intelligence operations. This transformation is underscored by the amalgamation of the digital age, espionage, geopolitical tensions involving state actors, and the persistent specter of insider threats (Kanellopoulos, 2024). These converging factors form a complex tapestry of challenges that demand urgent attention.

Covertly cooperating conceal the most intense forms of rivalry enables adversaries to function within a sort of behind-the-scenes environment while maintaining the facade of restricted competition. However, within this spectrum, there are also nations that aren't engaged in direct conflicts but, employed to extend their influence. leaders can create coercive leverage by generating risks and reducing decision.

Threats are literally around every corner in the online space, and you never know if opening a message from an unknown sender will open the gates to your computer wide open. In addition, various organizations face similar threats, including banks, hospitals, government organizations, and even states. To defend against such cyber-attacks, all sorts of organizations have been set up that operate at national, international and even global levels.

The People's Republic of China's (PRC) vital objectives and long-term well-being contradict the stated national interests of the United States (USA). Specifically, since the Second World War, the United States has tried to maintain an international order in which the world's trade, communication, and navigation routes are free and open to all the states engaged in peaceful international interactions

While offensive cyber operations have become an integral part of the foreign policies of many countries, cyber mercenaries, but also terrorist organizations, as well as companies started using the borderless cyber domain to achieve their strategic goals. Such modern-day mercenaries and privateers can impose significant harm undermining global security, stability, and human rights, and this raises important questions over control, authority, and the legitimacy of the use of cyber capabilities.

The Tanzanian tech entrepreneurship ecosystem analyzed in this paper with the sense to improve digital transformation and foster a thriving start-up environment was inline with some finding in Tanzania.

During the years of military rule, officers occupied all the major administrative and political strata of the society. Specifically, the Nigerian armed forces had played a significant role in Nigerian politics since the military putsch of January 15, 1966, that brought them to power. For well over thirty years, the armed forces intervened in all aspects of political life; it dominated the government almost entirely and subsumed all other institutions.

The scientific study of the police systems of modern states is imperative in the science of security. The imperative also represents a comparative approach to the study of police systems, as a prerequisite for finding the best and most functional models of police organization within the framework of a democratic state.

The term "energy security," both in public and academic discourse, has become a frequent and omnipresent phrase, establishing itself as an accepted part of security agendas (Radić Đozić, 2021, pp. 38). This widespread use suggests that energy security is a multidimensional concept, open to numerous interpretations, and requires precise definitions within specific contexts (temporal, geographical, etc.).

The project RRADEW ("Resilience to RADiological Events in Wartime") aims to increase the resilience of systems for preparation, response and recovery after nuclear and radiological accidents in the context of wartime conflicts. The RRADEW project connects 14 institutions from different areas and, using the scenario methodology, develops innovative technological and methodological solutions aimed at strengthening resilience in the event of radiological accidents as a result of war conflicts.

Before discussing Israel-Turkey relations, let’s explain in a few words about Israel’s most painful problem – the conflict with Palestine, which has been going on for years. The conflict between them is one of the most famous conflicts in the world, the main reason for which was the expansion of the borders and the management of Jerusalem. Many people have died in this conflict to date.

The history of relations between Serbs and Albanians has an extended historical connotation. Namely, both nations have shared the same space for almost a whole millennium, and their relations have followed historical trends that have affected the space of Kosovo and Metohija.

As one of the claimant states in the South China Sea, Indonesia must create a framework to defend its national interests. Great Power Competition has become an increasingly highlighted topic in the landscape of global geopolitical dynamics, especially in the South China Sea region.

Afghanistan, a nation scarred by decades of conflict, political instability, and natural disasters, grapples with a multitude of health challenges that are exacerbated by recurrent cycles of calamity. Situated in a region prone to seismic activity, flooding, droughts, and avalanches, Afghanistan faces a precarious health landscape characterized by limited access to healthcare services, pervasive socio-economic disparities, and fragile healthcare infrastructure.

A large number of studies on military AI have been placed in the research framework of national security. Scholars have focused on exploring how artificial intelligence affects national security, the subversion of the form of war, and other issues, arguing that artificial intelligence can redefine and change the development of military technology, bring about fundamental changes to military forces, and is an important field of strategic competition for major powers.

The Covid-19 crisis has imposed the need for medical intelligence to adapt to the new security reality and it is clear evidence of the crucial importance of medical intelligence for prevention and minimization of the serious consequences that epidemics may have on public health and national security on all its components. Medical intelligence related to the threat of public health emergencies, including terrorism. Intelligence implies the application of the intelligence cycle in the field of medicine. It implies the collection and processing of data, assessment of data and predictions of the risks.

Extending health intelligence efforts to the civil sector requires a serious examination of the content of such intelligence work, alongside analysis of the capacity of services and healthcare institutions to collaborate effectively in providing timely and relevant information to political decision-makers. Gathering information concerning the health status of enemy troops, their medical capabilities, the well-being of one's own forces, and medical resources, along with assessing the health security of deployed territories, has been a longstanding practice in warfare.

MEDINT entails the collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of foreign medical, bio-scientific, and environmental information that is of interest to strategic planning and to military medical planning and operations and the formation of assessments of foreign medical capabilities in both military and civilian sectors

The article analyzes the state of education in health and safety at the preschool stage and in primary, basic, and specialized secondary education. A separate subject, "Basics of Health," dedicated to health and safety issues, is proposed for schoolchildren in basic secondary education

The analysis of what specifically constitutes Medical Intelligence is being made with both the focal point of medical intelligence - biologically derived empirical information - as well as the potential repercussions when such intelligence is used in the sphere of national security planning and implementation.

With the advent of globalization, the national security interest has expanded its scope of protection from war and military threats to unconventional and hybrid economic, financial, cyber, and environmental health threats. However, health threats were not within the scope of global and international security interests before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Our daily life has become increasingly "platformized": the home, school and work environment have become exclusively digital. In this regard, to describe this unprecedented situation Anthony Giddens used the expression "digidemic", the first digital pandemic in history made up of connections, data and above all an excess of information .

Planning for the management of a medical-health crisis involves continuous surveillance of the population's health status and rapid identification of target symptoms capable of triggering safety measures. As detectors of these target symptoms, the collaboration of both family doctors and First Aid doctors is necessary.

Every mistake in medicine or security can result in not one but many hundreds of thousands and even millions of victims. Doctors of medicine are not trained in the intelligence cycle and Security Science, nor are members of the intelligence services trained in the knowledge and skills of doctors of medicine.

The role of Medical Intelligence, in a systemic vision, is of great importance from many points of view and now requires an explicit methodological and functional definition: medical and health data have their dimension of Intelligence that is little explored and not organized at all in procedures rooted in shared practices.

Central Asian states are deeply concerned about regional security and potential terrorist threats emanating from Afghanistan and remained on guard against violent extremist elements from Afghanistan crossing their borders or committing cross-border rocket attacks, as well as the potential threat posed by returning citizens who traveled to Iraq or Syria to fight with terrorist groups.

Crises and crises initiated by instability in today's international relations should be viewed multidisciplinary. Theoretical approach, analysis and explanation in many ways can give some common determinants for conflict situations in general, primarily for the purpose of avoiding or overcoming them. Underdeveloped countries, as a weak geopolitical factor in the international community, have limited decision-making options in the same. This paper deals with the specifics of such countries in resolving conflict situations in the international community.

The study of the awareness of declared transhumanists regarding international security confirmed the heterogeneity of predictions and perceptions of globalization trends. However, even the analysis of the "metrics," i.e., the characteristics of the research group's parameters, allowed for drawing interesting conclusions. The research goal remained complex.

The study of security problematique for five states of the region – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – became an academic and political challenge. This paper sets the purpose of critically analyzing the concept of divisibility/indivisibility of security as applied to Central Asia – the region which is located at the epicenter of geopolitical turbulence unfolding in the Eurasian continent.

The proposals and starting points relate to the current issues of security practice in the EU and the Czech Republic from the perspective of 15 years of research at the Police Academy of the Czech Republic in Prague

Author points out how Russian aggression has influenced discussions about the roles of the European Union in ensuring security and defence on the European continent, shed light on the Union's security and defence policy, deal with issues of European strategic autonomy and related relations between the EU and NATO, and at the end of the article indicate challenges, which are closely related to European security and defence in the context of the war in Ukraine.

The paper presents the possible content of the total defense of the Republic of Serbia through the analysis of the concept on the examples of individual countries. In this connection, it should be noted that the Defense Strategy of the Republic of Serbia had to expand the content of the total defense concept.

We conducted a speed measurement campaign on peri-urban roads in multiple Algerian cities to examine driving behavior and adherence to speed limits. To comprehensively understand the impact of speed, anti-lock systems, weather conditions, grip, and their interactions on a vehicle's braking distance, we employed an experimental design methodology. This approach was complemented with driving simulator tests.

The magnitude of the distance between reality and created perception could become equal to that between a victim and an aggressor. Good sense and logic would plead for the impossibility of such a change between the perception and the reality of one’s public.

The fundamental characteristic of countries in transition is the presence of various types of dysfunctional conflicts. The transition burdened with these conflicts leaves consequences for all generations.

This study attempts to illuminate the processes that caused the Balkans to become a focal point of radical Islam and Islamic terror in Europe and the threats that are posed due to this phenomenon. The study analyzes the roots of radical Islam in the Balkans as well as the processes that led to the strengthening of Islamic terror infrastructures in this region.

The Georgian public political narratives on the EU and Russia selectively build on various political and cultural markers – normative aspects, customs and tradition, religion and historical records – to frame collective identity of the Georgian nation for the legitimization or de-legitimization of the pro- and anti-Russian and pro- and anti-European domestic and foreign discourses in the modern Georgia.

Armed action is a drama of mankind, which could not cope with taming the existence of will and deciding on destructive actions for a particular group, animate and inanimate matter. Humanists and social scientists have long sought answers as to what war is and what its causes are. In the meantime, new forms of armed action called conflicts other than war, asymmetric wars, and finally hybrid wars have emerged. The demand for transdisciplinary research, which sought to discover the truth as the main goal of science, seems to be still relevant. However, the multiplicity of bureaucratically established scientific disciplines can limit the exchange of expertise.

In July 2021 on the eve of the arrest of the former president Jacob Zuma’s arrest South Africa witnessed unrest in the country. This was due to the failure of the crime intelligence Section of the South African Police Service (SAPS) to provide necessary intelligence that was to be used to prevent unruly protests by the former president’s supporters and other opportunists who used such failure to commit various crimes.

According to the official statistics of the European Union, the import of energy products from the Russian Federation recorded a drastic decrease in the period of only one year, which shows the unity of the EU and a firm position to stop importing energy products from Russia entirely soon.

Founded in the late 1980s, Hamas has undergone a remarkable evolution, transforming from a religious and social movement into an armed organization and a with a significant political wing. Its objectives, strategies and operational methods have not only impacted the region but have also earned it global recognition and concern, particularly due to its classification as a terrorist organization by many countries...

Transatlantic defense cooperation has a long history, and Europe and the US have established strategic partnership and a strategic culture of mutual trust. Nowadays, with the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict, the international situation is undergoing great transformation, reshaping the perception of European and American leaders on the international order, and thus profoundly affecting the domestic and foreign policies of these countries, including the defense relations between the EU and the US.

The global economy depends on the free and undisturbed flow of goods and energy resources and any disruption to shipping on this route has a negative impact on the world economy. Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden waters are projected to be one of the main geostrategic and geoeconomic flashpoints of the competition among great powers.

Some Chinese argue that China’s experiences during the “Century of Humiliation” should serve as a warning since the system is still focused on the humiliation and domination of weaker states by Western interests. Another interpretation holds that the current system is satisfactory because China can now compete with the other major powers.

The current state of hostility between the United States and Russia is based on their mutual grievances. United States has come to see Russia as an aggressive and authoritarian state, suppressing democracy and freedoms. Russia has refused to accept the decline of its power following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

China and Russia have long called for revisions to global governance, but their call for ‘the establishment of a new kind of relationship between world powers’ as hundreds of thousands of Russian troops were massing at Ukraine’s borders indicated a new assertiveness.

The contemporary European migration crisis is characterized by several features, starting from a large number of migrants from the Middle East and Africa, and lately also from the territory of the Russian Federation and Chechnya. The recent past teaches us that we must observe such phenomena also from a security perspective, dissecting them to the smallest detail to be able to provide scientific security answers.

Israel has to meet security challenges as attacks from enemy states and terror groups. Some of these groups perpetrate from the territories of states that have a peace treaty with Israel. These attacks are characterized as conventional terror (culminating with suicide attacks)

Cyber weapons have a direct effect on information and information systems and an indirect effect on dependent systems, processes, services and people. Cyberspace extends worldwide and includes physical infrastructure in the state and private ownership.

Events involving cybersecurity may have a substantial influence on the health sector, which includes hospitals, clinics and other healthcare organizations. Maintaining patient data privacy remains critical to ensure the preservation of data integrity. It is necessary for healthcare firms to implement preventative measures to avoid, recognize, and respond to challenges related to cybersecurity. This may entail developing efficient defenses against cybercrime, doing periodic risk assessments and providing employees with ongoing training in cybersecurity.

Current security threats and challenges in the global security environment are of a military and non-military nature; however, most of them are non-military in nature. These security threats and challenges are closely related; as a result, the situation in one area can very seriously affect the situation in other areas.

The world order after the "Cold War" era was designed by America and the West and in the current "Great Game" Russia and China are challenging the Pax-Americana world order. The United States now faces simultaneous diplomatic and national security crises with both Russia and China.

The extremely fast pace of development observed in present-day social reality raises various problems and forces managers to explore in greater depth the achievements of philosophy, particularly axiology, psychology, and security sciences, understood broadly in praxeological terms, concerning human individuals, social groups, and entire societies.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 fundamentally altered the security architecture in Europe, which has been stably maintained for three decades since the end of the Cold War.

Europe has also been defined in non-geographic terms, as manifested in this quote from Paul Hazard in a book which was published in 1935 under the title The Crisis of the European Conscience (1680-1715): Que’ est-ce l’Europe?

The fight against the bearers of terrorist and narco-terrorist organizations should be a permanent and priority task of every state, and thus also of the Republic of Serbia. The countries of the modern world have recognized this harmful influence, about the existence of these mutual ties that directly affect the national security of the country and the normal functioning of society, and also the security at the global level.

The aim is to determine the term and clarify and demystify the concept of cybersecurity as much as possible. Another aim is to look into how the EU, as a specific supranational organization, approaches this concept through its general and special strategic documents, i.e., its entire security agenda.

This article provides analysis of the case study of the Biennale of Venice as a theater of cognitive warfare between Russia and Ukraine. It’s still uncertain how the war will end in Ukraine, but at the 2022 Venice art biennale it is clear which side has prevailed on the art and cultural front.

The purpose of this brief paper is to examine the scenarios that are available to Russia to carry out its threat. The theoretical framework employed here is that of Normal Accident Theory (NAT), one of the most prominent theories of catastrophe. Normal Accident Theory explains how Moscow's use of nuclear weapons can trigger a global catastrophe that could bring the international system down.

Much of the academic work on countering violent extremism is based on theories and anecdotes rather than hard data demonstrated through rigorous scientific methods. The purpose of this paper presented here is to take stock of research, which is characterized by fragmentation, to identify and fill knowledge gaps, especially in the area of European security policies and inter-state communications from before the new global health and war shocks, which are still ongoing.

The article argues Somali Security should get fully trust the society of Somalia, if the people of Somalia feel that the security belongs to them and the people believing that they are working in the interest of the nation but not the interest-specific person, once people realize that the Security are working to defeand and to protect their country as well their interest, it will be easier to make reform and implement the whole country

Russia declares a permanent state of war in the information sphere. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the Russian scientific and operational approach to the interpretation of strategic communication, the article provides insight into Russia’s basic idea and genesis of information warfare. By reviewing strategic documents and applied organisational forms, the paper contributes to understanding the vital level of strategic communication on the applied aspects of national security of the Russian Federation.

This paper is aimed at is identifying security gaps and shortcomings in the provision of security services so that recommendations can be formulated to address the assessed risks and other threats. Furthermore, the paper described the effectiveness of safety and security measures that are currently employed in public hospitals.

There are three major factors that attract Russia to the Mediterranean: a profusion of potential for military conflicts in the region, similarly abundant fossil fuel reserves, and the on-again-off-again stand-off with NATO in Eastern Europe.

Observing the Mediterranean basin as a one-way communication route leading from Africa to European ports has often limited the debate on security in the Mediterranean to strengthening the defence of southern European borders. This offers only a partial assessment of a much more relevant geographical area, especially taking into consideration its southern side.

Facilitated by developments such as globalization and the spread of networked and hyper-connected technologies, new safety and security challenges arise and impact local, national, regional, and international levels, which dramatically increases their complexity and scale. When a security challenge has a global impact, it means that it may affect countries around the globe, but the source of the risk may be local. The global nature of contemporary security issues implies that they do not limit themselves to national borders.

Over the past few decades, Ethiopia has enjoyed internal stability in one of the least stable regions on the African continent. During this period Ethiopia enjoyed economic prosperity and leading political status in the African continent and beyond. The article will present the 3 arenas of conflict that Ethiopia has to deal with today and will suggest ways to prevent further escalation of the internal conflict in Ethiopia and the deterioration of the crises into a regional violent conflict.

Peacekeeping operations are a special mechanism that resolves armed conflicts, contributing to the maintenance of peace and international security. For this reason, they are an important and permanent element of international politics. The COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated the importance of resilience to strategic shocks (such as pandemics) as part of national and regional security. This was evident in national health systems, supply chains for critical supplies (e.g., PPE and respirators), strategic communication and disinformation, and cybersecurity.

Eurasianism is a political movement in Russia that assumes that Russian civilization does not belong to the European or Asian category, but to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia. The movement originally supported the Bolshevik Revolution but not its stated goals of enacting communism, seeing the Soviet Union as a stepping stone on the way to creating a new national identity that would reflect the unique nature of Russia's geopolitical position.

The Nile is considered as the “Life Line” of Egypt, since ancient times. As such, Egypt relates to any real or potential threat, as a potential conflict. Other water sources are scarce, and bound to be affected by climate changes, as noted by El-Nahry & Doluschitz (2010: 1498). Their study focused in the Egyptian coastal wetland ecosystems, such as salt marshes, which are particularly vulnerable to rising sea level.

State fragility has created areas of limited statehood, in which alternative forms of governance—from militias to municipalities, international donors to civil society—have stepped in and in which foreign powers have meddled. Through such interference, global and regional rivalries have exacerbated and have found fertile ground.

In today’s international relations, Energy security and security issues appear to be extremely intertwined. Hence, this paper aims to identify the significance of securitization of the energy relationship between Russia and EU countries by both sides and its influence on the Energy Security on the regional security complex between EU countries and Russia.

China has actively provided public health aid to Central and Eastern European countries and shared the Anti-COVID-19 experience. In this article, the author reviewed the progress and mechanism of China-EU public health cooperation, discussed how China and the EU have jointly dealt with the pandemic by sharing experience, providing aids, strengthening multilateralism and international cooperation, and building a community with a healthy future for humankind since the outbreak of COVID-19. Facing the COVID-19, China-EU health cooperation should be further strengthened to show the importance of a community with a shared future for humanity.

https://doi.org/10.37458/ssj.2.2.8The public transport sector PT during COVID-19 pandemic was affected directly, which is an inevitable result that disrupted the system. This paper will investigate through an online questionnaire survey the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the digital transformation on transportation modes and activities by evaluating the current situation and assessing future transportation sustainability and whether it will continue to recover appropriately. 

This work is to optimize perimeter surveillance and explore the distribution of ground bases for unmanned aerial vehicles along the Jordanian border and optimize the set of technologies for each aerial vehicle. This model is part of ongoing research on perimeter security systems based on unmanned aerial vehicles.

The threat of environmental issues to national security has been the dominant approach among the many distinct interpretations. In 2008, environmental concerns, particularly climate change, were addressed for the first time in the context of EU security. The European security community frequently considers environmental aspects; however, this is usually limited to a strategic level before moving to implementation. In this article, we illustrate how environmental security has evolved, how it has permeated the European security community, and how it might advance further to secure the security of European citizens better.

The geopolitical focus on the Asia-Indo-Pacific Ocean complex has evolved into a geostrategic rivalry where China is seen as the main threat. This approach is reflected in the international security strategy. In addition, it also manifests itself in the practices of international organizations led by the West forces. We see the most important example of this in the European Union's view of China.